THE PAINTER OF MODERN LIFE
Like many writers before and after him, Baudelaire wrote without specific commission, on “spec” as it were. This essay on Constantin Guys, an illustrator for the Illustrated London News, was actually written in 1860 and would not be published until 1863 in installment form in Figaro. The publication of the article coincided with the infamous Salon des Réfusés and the debut of Édouard Manet as an artist of scandal. Suddenly, what had been a nebulous concern, about content and technique in art making, became urgent and topical. Manet had presented a courtesan as a modern “Venus,” a prostitute as a modern “Nude,” and had quoted Renaissance artists, Raphael and Titian to do so. In addition, the painter had eschewed “good” drawing and approved “finish” for a causal and notational manner of transcribing. The Painter of Modern Life made sense of what Manet had done to art—made painting “modern.” There is a real question as to whether or not the “painter” of whom Baudelaire wrote was less important than the essay itself. While it is certainly true that any writer uses others as vehicles for his or her views, the selection of Constantin Guys was crucial to the main point of the essay. Guys, who, according to Baudelaire, refused to be named in the essay, was an old soldier who had served in that most romantic of conflicts, the freedom of Greece. As widely traveled as the poet was provincial, Guys had spent years as a reporter and an war correspondence for the Illustrated London News during the Crimean War. The artist informed the English audience of the details of an unpopular war at a time where his pen was much quicker than the camera. Born in 1802, Guys was far older than Baudelaire when he returned to live in Paris, and he lived much longer than the poet who suffered from syphilis and drug addiction. Guys died in a tragic traffic accident in 1892.
Constantine Guys. Carriages and Horsemen
Baudelaire saw Guys as a bohemian hero, an outsider, the “observer, philosopher, flâneur” and as “the painter of the passing moment and of all the suggestions of eternity it contains.” Like Baudelaire, he, a “man of the crowd,” was a journalist who was trained to watch and look carefully, especially at the details, or what the poet described as, “particular beauty, the beauty of circumstances and the sketch of manners.” But Baudelaire drew a distinction between the dandy—Guys “has a horror of blasé people…” (like the dandy)—and the flâneur , or the “passionate spectator.” Baudelaire made the point, over and over, that the flâneur was someone who is traveling “incognito” or, in other words, the flâneur fades into the crowd, unnoticed. “…the crowd is his element,” Baudelaire said, “…the lover of universal life enters into the crowd as though it were an immense reservoir of electric energy.” “Monsieur Guys,” due to the necessary haste to record what he saw “drew like a barbarian, or a child,” producing “primitive scribbles,” was declared by Baudelaire to be “not precisely an artist, but rather a man of the world.” “…the mainspring of his genius is curiosity.” The working methods of the artist were traditional in that he looked, he saw, he scribbled and then, using his memory, completed his thought later in a sketch-like record. Baudelaire stressed the “rights and privileges offered by circumstances…for almost all our originality comes from the seal which Time imprints on our sensations.” Reaching back to Friedrich Schiller, perhaps, Baudelaire compares the artistic condition of Guys to be that of childhood, suggesting that the illustrator was an instinctive artist, from whom images simply flow, without hierarchy and without restraint. Under the direction of no one, Guys simply sketched what he saw. “But genius is nothing more not less than childhood recovered at will..,” Baudelaire stated. So, it is implied, that only the “childlike artist,” who was Schiller’s “naïve artist,” is equipped to see and record the new world. The salient quality of The Painter of Modern Life is what and whom Guys, the grown man, found interesting. “Modern Life,” for Baudelaire, appeared to be located among la bohème, which, in itself, was a creation of the modern world. First, there is the dandy. The dandy is one of Baudelaire’s heroes and makes many appearances in the urban scenes captured by Guys. “Dandyism,” the poet said, “borders upon the spiritual and stoical…Dandyism is the last spark of heroism amid decadence…Dandyism is a sunset; like the declining daystar, it is glorious, without heat and full of melancholy. But alas, the rising tide of democracy, which invades and levels everything, is daily overwhelming these last representatives of human pride and pouring floods of oblivion upon the footprints of these stupendous warriors…” This man has “an air of coldness…a latent fire…(which) chooses not to burst into flames,” he concluded, alluding to the resigned cynicism of an endangered species in the face of unstoppable changes.
Constantine Guys. La Chahut
The female, in contrast to the male, is described, not in terms of character or psychology, but as a spectacle: “She is a kind of idol, stupid perhaps, but dazzling and bewitching.” But far from dismissing the female, Baudelaire continues for pages, focusing on cosmetics and fashion. For Modernism, fashion is the leading indicator or the “ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent,” for nothing is more changeable than fashion. Fashion stands for the new consumerism, showcased in the arcades, where commodities were protected in passages of iron and glass. Positioned between the major avenues, the arcades were the domain of the flâneur, both male and female, and the precursors to the department stores. Consumer capitalism needs to create desire to tempt the buyer to purchase, which meant the creation of products that, by their very nature, needed to be renewed. Not food or another necessity, but an artificial desire for a non-necessity drove the economy. The woman becomes the carrier of artificiality. Baudelaire, a city dweller, is no nature lover: “I ask you to review an scrutinize whatever is natural—all the actions and desires of the purely natural man: you will find nothing but frightfulness. Everything beautiful and noble is the result of reason and calculation.” And cosmetics. “Fashion should thus be considered as a symptom of the taste for the ideal which floats on the surface of all the crude, terrestrial and loathsome bric-à-brac that the natural life accumulates in the human brain: as a sublime subordination of Nature, or rather a permanent and repeated attempt at her redemption.” There is a slippage in Baudelaire’s writings from “women” to “prostitutes,” as if, for the poet there is no divide. It is known that his only relationship was with a prostitute, but that kind of connection was not uncommon, in an age where marriage was often a financial alliance. Baudelaire seemed to have no interest in the so-called respectable woman, who reflected her husband’s position and the values of the bourgeois society. The prostitute is a free and liberated woman, from the poet’s perspective and thus wears modernity as cosmetics and fashion, proclaiming the artificial. Indeed, the poet compares the application of make up to the creation of a work of art: “Maquillage has no need to hide itself or to shrink from being suspected. On the contrary, let it display itself, at least if it does so with frankness and honesty.”
Constantin Guys. Girls on the Balcony (1860)
The very position of Guys, as an illustrator, put him outside the citadel of the Academy and its rules and regulations. As a journalist, the artist was placed, by academic standards, outside the beaux-arts. He was a “minor” artist at best. Thus, this “minor” artist was also free of the strictures of academic training and of the laws of Salon exhibitions. Guys drew, sketched and painted as he pleased, and, as the ultimate realist, sought to capture the passing parade that was Paris during the Second Empire. Baudelaire, then, selected an unknown outsider as his candidate for the observer of modernité, indicating that, in his opinion, an artist, “trained” in the beaux-arts, would be incapable of thinking or seeing in the way that this former reporter did. In Baudelaire and Photography: Finding the Painter of Modern Life, Timothy Raser noted, “Guys is a singularly appropriate choice for the painter of modern life, for in add-on to being unknown, he is also a reporter of news: he seeks out what is novel, unknown, unfamiliar, and reproduces it with a view to communicating his perception in the shortest time possible: his drawings are done quickly; they are expedited by the fastest means possible to the offices of the Illustrated London News, where they are translated into engravings, published, and sold. The process is one that produces tremendous waste: of the hundreds of drawings done by Guys only a few are printed, aah those that are printed are of value only as long as they are new.” The traditional artist, showing in the Salons, saw “art” as eternal and painted or sculpted accordingly. When introducing the life in his hometown of Organs, Courbet’s work had a stillness to it, as if country life had always been thus and would always be frozen in his work. But between them, Guys and Baudelaire turned the notion of “realism” on its head, removing “realism” from objectivity or empiricism or from positivism and remaking it as something related to the temporal. Realism became modern, existing in the now, and thus, escaped a particular mode of representation and became instead not a matter of how the work was painted or what was painted but when it was painted. Baudelaire who mediated on “beauty” for years, through his poetry and prose, began to draw distinctions between sternal beauty and a new modern beauty, which had to be relative to its other, which was necessarily circumstantial. He referred to “the garb of an age” and linked it to “the mysterious element of beauty,” and then Baudelaire stated,
By ‘modernity’ I mean the ephemeral, the fugitive, the contingent, the half of art whose other half is the eternal and immutable…This transitory, fugitive element, whose metamorphoses are so rapid, must on no account be despised or dispensed with. By neglecting it, you cannot fail to tumble into the abyss of an abstract and indeterminate beauty, like that of the time the first woman before the fall of man..In short, the any ‘modernity’ to be worthy of one day takings place as ‘antiquity,’ it is necessary for the mysterious beauty which human life accidentally puts into it to be distilled from it.”
This is the founding definition of modernity, coined by a poet and evidenced by an illustrator of the “crowd,” who, as Baudelaire stated, “It is this task that Monsieur G. particularly addresses himself.” The poet suggested that “almost all or originality comes from the seal which Time imprints on our sensations.”
Gradually, as the essay draws to a conclusion, Guys, the “painter of modern life,” has become less important that the social conditions he observed and recorded. Modern life, fueled by commodities and their artificial manufacture of artificial desires, is defined by a new and bewildering urban environment, populated by new kinds of people, the demimonde. Nothing is real and everything changes and, above all, nothing is natural. Baudelaire understands that art is not a copy of nature. Art is inherently and definitionally artificial, as artificial as fashion, as ephemeral as a fad. The role of the artist is not to re-imagine the “eternal” or the antique but to seize upon the passing fancy, that salient detail that captures the mood of the moment. The Painter of Modern Life predicts the paintings of Manet, such as The Street Singer of the same year—-a grisette (low level prostitute), or street entertainer, strides past the flâneur. She is eating cherries and glances briefly at the spectator and is caught in a brief instant of time, and quickly moves on, her wide skirts embellished in the latest fashionable embellishments. The idea of the passive observer who merely records, the demand that that watcher react quickly to what the photographer, Henri Cartier-Bresson, would call “the decisive moment,” looks forward to the Impressionist artists who were much less cynical and sophisticated than the art writer. Baudelaire did not live long enough to see a group of painters embrace the sketch-like approach of “the painter of modern life,” but his essay became foundational in its description of modernity: all that is “transitory” and “fugitive.” It has been a hundred and fifty years since The Painter of Modern Life was published and with the benefit of hindsight one can only marvel at how much our world resembles that of the poet.
See also “Baudelaire as Art Critic” and Baudelaire and Modernity”
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Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette and Art History Unstuffed. Thank you.